Зміст UNIT 1 The Rise of ReptilesUNIT 2 The Dinosaurs UNIT 3 Classification of Modern Reptiles The Crocodilians: Crocodiles, Alligators and their Relatives UNIT 5 The Turtles: Reptiles with Shells The lizards Anolis carolinensis Gila monsters and beaded lizards The amphibians Characteristics of amphibians and their orders Orders of amphibians The salamanders The mud puppy Amphibians without tails Anatomy of the frog The External Structure Organ Systems The Respiratory System The Reproductive System The Excretory System ... Повний зміст |
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Міжнародний Соломонів Університет Кафедра Мов Англійська мова Навчальні завдання для студентів І – ІІ курсів біологічного факультету Київ МСУ 2001 Біологічний англійський. Навчальний посібник. Упорядник Н.О. Арістова. – Київ: Міжнародний Соломонів університет, 2000 р. Упорядник АРІСТОВА Н.О. Затверджено на засіданні кафедри мов ------- ----------------2002 протокол № Друкується за редакцією упорядника Посібник складається з 12 розділів. Перші 7 розділів присвячені вивченню рептилій, наступні 5 – вивченню амфібій. Кожний розділ посібника включає в себе словник термінів з перекладом на російську мову. Навчальні завдання посібника базуються на оригінальних матеріалах з журналів та енциклопедій, написаних в англомовних країнах. Посібник розрахований на студентів нелінгвістичних вищих навчальних закладів освіти елементарного рівня. REPTILES Reptiles are cold-blooded vertebrates with dry, scaly skin. They include snakes, lizards, crocodiles and turtles. Most reptiles live in the warmer parts of the world. There are some in the temperate regions. The animals are active throughout the year in warm regions, but those of the cooler areas hibernate during the winter. ^ The Rise of Reptiles Task 1. Read and translate the text. You can find the following words in the text:
People of ancient Egypt honored such reptiles as the cobra and crocodile in their religion and art. Biologists look at reptiles with interest because they represent the first true land animals. Unlike the amphibians they do not have to return to water to reproduce. As the first true land animals they are believed to be the ancient ancestors of all other land vertebrates. At the close of the Paleozoic Era great land masses were uplifted. Mountain-building processes created the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States. These and other geologic changes produced many different types of land environments with a variety of climate and vegetation. Biologists know that reptiles existed at this time, because fossils have been found from the Paleozoic Era. The fossil evidence suggests that as the environment changed, reptiles also changed in many different ways. With the beginning of the Mesozoic Era, 225 million years ago, the Age of Reptiles began. During this period reptiles dominated all other forms of life. The reptiles evolved from some kind of amphibian. The two most important features which separated the early reptiles from their amphibian ancestors were their waterproof skins and the tough shells around their eggs. These meant that they were independent of water. They could colonize the land much more effectively than the amphibians. The Mesozoic Era lasted about 155 million years. It is best known for the giant reptiles called dinosaurs. It is well to remember that other important forms, ancestors of forms still present today, also appeared during the Age of Reptiles. These included other reptiles such as snakes, turtles and lizards. With the formation of the Rocky Mountains, the Mesozoic Era came to an end, about 70 million years ago. Some forms of reptiles survived and gave rise to our present-day reptiles. The dinosaurs perished. One theory, however, maintains that one direct descendant of dinosaurs remains on the planet – birds. Task 2. What do these numbers refer to? 155 the first 70 225 Task 3. Say if the statements are true. If not, correct them. 1. Biologists look at reptiles with interest because they represent the first true land animals. 2. Reptiles have to return to water to reproduce. 3. The Age of Reptiles began 125 million years ago. 4. The Mesozoic Era is best known for the reptiles called crocodiles. 5. During the Mesozoic Era reptiles dominated all other forms of life. Task 4. Put the special questions to the following sentences.
Task 5. Find the meaning of the word.
Task 6. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text. With the ………………………… of the Rocky Mountains, the Mesozoic Era came to an end, about 70 million years ago. The dinosaurs …………………………………One theory, however, maintains that one direct descendant of dinosaurs remains on the planet – ………………… With the beginning of the Mesozoic Era the Age of Reptiles began. During this period reptiles ………………………….. all other forms of life. The Mesozoic Era lasted about 155 million years. It is best known for the giant reptiles called ………………………….. At the close of the Paleozoic ………………….. great land masses were ………………………….. Mountain-building processes created the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States. These and other geologic changes produced many different types of land environments with a variety of climate and ……………………………. Biologists know that reptiles existed at this time, because ……………………………… have been found from the Paleozoic Era. People of ancient Egypt honored such ……………………….. as the cobra and crocodile in their religion and art. Biologists look at reptiles with interest because they represent the first true land animals. As the first true land animals they are believed to be the ancient …………………………… of all other land ……………………………... Task 7. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English.
………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. На протязі Мезозойської ери рептилії домінували над всіми іншими формами життя. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. Люди, які жили у стародавньому Єгипті, шанували крокодилів та змій. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Деякі науковці підтримують одну теорію, згідно якої, прямими нащадками дінозаврів є птахи. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ^ The Dinosaurs Task 1. Read and translate the following text. You can find the following words in the text:
Dinosaurs have been extinct for million of years. All that remains of the once great dinosaurs are the eggs and the footprints preserved in rock, and fossilized bones. This evidence has been gathered in many parts of the world. A great deal of knowledge and skill have been used by paleontologists to piece together a history of dinosaurs life. The word dinosaur means terrible lizard. Some dinosaurs were no larger than today’s large lizards, but some were giants that would dwarf an elephant. It is thought that dinosaurs developed from a basic group, of early reptiles called Thecodonts. These were relatively small animals that walked on their hind legs. The Thecodonts , may have evolved into other groups of reptiles including the flying reptiles, crocodiles, and some believe, birds. Other hypotheses are suggested. Some believe dinosaurs were warm-blooded, like mammals, and some believe they were cold-blooded, like today’s snakes and lizards. Scientists who believe dinosaurs were warm-blooded think that proof is in the microscopic structure of dinosaur fossil bones. This is because the structure resembled that of warm-blooded animals. They point out that the large plates and fanlike structures on the backs of some dinosaurs might have been used for cooling the blood as well as for defence. They claim that present-day birds, which are warm-blooded, are the direct descendants of a certain group of dinosaurs. Brontosaurus The best known dinosaurs were the largest. The Brontosaurus, or thunder lizard, was probably the largest. It was about 25 metres long and 5 metres high, and it weighed over 15,000 kilograms. Recent evidence suggests that Brontosaurus may have led a giraffelike life on open land rather than inhabited the swamps or shallow lakes. Task 2. Make up the sentences. 1. the are present-day group birds direct of certain of descendants dinosaurs a…………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. cold-blooded scientists some were believe dinosaurs that………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 3. that great remains of the dinosaurs the eggs all and the are footprints ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. developed is dinosaurs of thought Thecodonts that it reptiles from early called. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. may on have open Brontosaurus led giraffelike life a land. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. Task 3. Put the questions to the following sentences: 1.………………………………………………………………………………………. The Brontosaurus weighed over 15,000 kilograms. 2……………………………………………………………………………………. It was about 5 metres high. 3.………………………………………………………………………………………. Dinosaurs have been extinct for million of years( How long) 4.………………………………………………………………………………………. The word dinosaur means terrible lizard. 5.……………………………………………………………………………………… Dinosaurs developed from a basic group of early reptiles called Thecodonts. Task 4. Translate into English and make you own sentences: Ужасный ящер - …………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… гигантский динозавр - ……………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………. относительно маленькое животное - …………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… теплокровное животное – ……………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………. прямой потомок - …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………. Task 5. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text. Some believe dinosaurs were ………………., like mammals, and some believe they were …………………, like today’s snakes and lizards.. The word dinosaur means terrible ……………... Some dinosaurs were no larger than today’s large lizards, but some were giants that would ……………………. an elephant. It is thought that dinosaurs developed from a basic group, of early reptiles called Thecodonts and they walked on their ……………………… legs. ……………………….. have been extinct for million of years. All that remains of the once great dinosaurs are the eggs and the …………………….. preserved in rock, and fossilized bones. This ………………………… has been gathered in many parts of the world. Task 6. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English: 1. Некоторые динозавры были не больше, чем современные ящерицы. …………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Хорошо известно, что древние динозавры были сухопутными хищниками. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Некоторые растительноядные динозавры перешли к жизни в воде. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. Одни хищные динозавры ходили на задних ногах, а другие на четырех. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ^ Classification of Modern Reptiles Task 1. Read and translate the following text. You can find these words in the text:
There are about 6,000 species in the class Reptilia today. This may seem like a great many, but it is only a small fraction of the number that inhabited the earth during the Age of Reptiles. Once there were 16 orders of reptiles. Only four orders of reptiles exist today. One of these orders is represented by a single species that is nearing extinction. Some of today’s reptiles are very much like their prehistoric ancestors. Others, called modern reptiles, have become very different. Reptiles are most numerous in the tropics. Some reptiles, however, have migrated to more temperate climates. In fact, reptiles are even found in colder parts of the earth. However, there are no reptile populations in icy regions, high mountains, and ocean depth. There are about 275 reptile species in the United States.
Rhynchocephalia consists of one species, nearing extinction; Sphenodon (tuatara). The reptilian characteristics are summarized here.
Task 2. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text. The reptilian characteristics are summarized here.
Task 3. Say if the sentence true or false?
Task 4. Translate the following set-expressions from Russian into English: Населять землю, маленькая часть, современные пресмыкающиеся, глубины океана, продолговатый череп, роговые пластинки, конечности с когтями, хорошо-развитые легкие, внутренняя температура. Task 5. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English: 1. На протяжении эпохи рептилий землю населяли 16 отрядов различных пресмыкающихся. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. В настоящее время всего лишь четыре отряда пресмыкающихся живут на нашей планете. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Современные пресмыкающиеся населяют различные части Земли, кроме глубин океанов и высоких гор. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Отличительной чертой крокодилов, кайманов и аллигаторов является продолговатый череп. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. Роговые пластинки, покрывающие тело пресмыкающегося, защищают его от физических повреждений. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Хотя температура тела пресмыкающегося может изменяться в зависимости от времени суток, животное может контролировать свою внутреннюю температуру. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Task 6. Answer the following questions:
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