Контрольное задание 1
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| Образец выполнения упр. II Образец выполнения упр. III Popularity of the Computer What Is a Computer? Careers in the Field of Data Processing History of Computers Computer Capabilities and Limitations |
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Контрольное задание 2 Для выполнения задания № 2 необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса английского языка:
Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык. 2. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства, Gerund — герундий, простые формы. 3. Модальные глаголы can, must, may, should и эквивалентные им конструкции to be able, to have to. 4.Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения. Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений. Образец выполнения упр. I
are trying — Present Continuous Active от глагола to try
were transferred — Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to transfer
has completed — Present Perfect Active от глагола to complete will find — Future Indefinite Active от глагола to find ^
Used — Participle II, составная часть видо-временной формы Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to use. Involving — Participle I, определение.
Called — Participle II, определение. Prepared — Participle II, составная часть видо-временной формы Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to prepare.
Printing — герундий. ^
Can — модальный глагол, обозначающий возможность выполнения действия.
Have to — модальная конструкция, эквивалентная глаголу must, обозначающая долженствование.
Can — модальный глагол, обозначающий возможность выполнения действия. Should — модальный глагол, обозначающий долженствование. Вариант 1 I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
^ Computers are fast, efficient, and very accurate machines that can do in seconds what would take a person hours, days, or even months. In the last few years, they have become an important part of our lives. Since the first-generation computers with vacuum tubes were designed and built in the 1940s and 50s, computers have become very sophisticated and complex machines. New advances in technology such as microcircuits and silicon chips have considerably changed the design of the computer. The large, bulky machines that once filled an entire room, today barely fill a desk-top. Just as they have decreased in size, computers have decreased greatly in price. Computer technology has changed the way we live and it has created problems. Computers have created new ways to commit fraud, and they have posed new ethical problems. Because of the rapid development and spread of the computer, there are few people whose lives have not been affected by it, at least indirectly. Every day we hear about new uses of the computer. Students are using small, programmable, pocket calculators that they can carry to class, and certainly computers will continue to be used more and more in business, industry, education, and at home. An important use of computers is in education. It is called computer assisted instruction, or CAI. It is becomming more and more popular at all levels of education from pre-school to university. There are computer toys that teach 3-year-olds how to read and spell. Starting in kindergarten, computers are being used in the classroom to allow students to work without a teacher on subjects ranging from mathematics to reading, and from Spanish to English as a Second Language. Computer technology is a fast growing field. It has been said that if transport technology had developed as rapidly as computer technology, a trip across the Atlantic Ocean today would take a few seconds.
Вариант 2
^ A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or that magnetize or do not magnetize the cores. The basic job of computers is the processing of information. Computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical or logical operations on the information and then supply results of these operations. The program and the data are kept inside the computer in a place called memory. Computers have many remarkable powers. However, most computers have three basic capabilities. First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. If we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn’t be of much use. However, certain computers are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use punched cards, magnetic tape, disks, and terminals. The computer’s input device reads the information into the computer. For outputting information, two common devices used are a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a CRT display screen which shows the results on a TV-like screen. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The computer can decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another? A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even thousands, of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored. A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it has no originality; it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgements. A computer operates like a mechanical `brain`, but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information.
Вариант 3
^ There is a wide range of jobs available in the field of data processing, the most common of which are computer operator, programmer, system analyst, and data processing manager. The computer operator should be a reliable person because the job involves responsibility for very expensive machines. His work is rather routine, like changing tapes and disks, but the operator should be able to cope with emergency situations, if and when they arise. As soon as there is a malfunction in the system, the operator has to recognize it and report it to the manager. The operator’s knowledge is mainly concerned with the hardware and not with the software, but he or she should have interest in programming and should know enough about it to be able to interpret the programmer’s instructions. Often programmers start their careers as computer operators. The main tasks of a computer programmer are first, to write programs to solve problems; second, to write them on time as they are needed; and third, to write them clearly so that other programmers can understand them. The career of a programmer can start as a trainee in a data processing department after a course in computer programming. At this stage, he or she is guided and supervised by another programmer. With increasing experience in writing more efficient programs, the trainee is given more responsibility and advances first to the position of a junior programmer and then to that of a senior programmer. Specifications for the data processing problems are given to the programmer by the systems analyst. The key to this person’s job is communication, because he or she should be able to interact with the people in the department both verbally and in writing. One of the analyst’s tasks is to analyse problems, outline solutions to them. The other aspect of this job deals with setting the objectives of a project and then finding the best method of achieving them. This involves constant examination of the system, modification of weaknesses in it, or sometimes even changing it to a completely new system. The key person in a data processing department is its manager. The success of the department depends on his or her capacity as a leader and on his or her technical knowledge. The manager is responsible for communicating with superiors regarding policy-making decisions of the organization. The manager should have enough practical data processing experience to ensure that everybody in the department is working towards the same end. The manager should have an active mind, imagination, tact, and the ability to control others.
Вариант 4
^ The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people’s experiments. This type of machine, which saves a great deal of time and reduces the possibility of making mistakes, depends on a series of ten-toothed gear wheels. In 1830 Charles Babbage, an Englishman, designed a machine that was called `The Analytical Engine`. Many of his ideas were the basis for building today’s computers. In 1930, the first analog computer was built by an American named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to help aim guns. The first digital computer was completed in 1944. Professor Howard Aiken and some people from IBM were responsible for this invention. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical problems at a very fast rate. In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Eckert and J. Mauchly, built the first digital computer using parts called vacuum tubes. Another important advancement in computers came in 1947, when John von Newmann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer’s memory. The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950. These computers could perform thousands of calculations per second. In 1960, the second generation of computers was developed. They could perform work ten times faster than their predecessors. Second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more dependable than first-generation computers. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The third-generation computers appeared on the market in 1965. These computers could do a million calculations a second. Unlike second-generation computers, these are controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable. The fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster than their predecessors and can complete approximately 1,000,000 instructions per second. The integrated circuits are greatly reduced in size. This is due to microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip.
Вариант 5
^ Like all machines, a computer needs to be directed and controlled in order to perform a task successfully. Even the most sophisticated computer must be told what to do. Until the capabilities and the limitations of a computer are recognized, its usefulness cannot be thoroughly understood. In the first place, computers are capable of doing repetitive operations. A computer can perform similar operations thousands of times, without becoming bored, tired, or even careless. Secondly, computers can process information at extremely rapid rates. For example, modern computers can solve certain classes of arithmetic problems millions of times faster than a skilled mathematician. Thirdly, computers may be programmed to calculate answers to whatever level of accuracy is specified by the programmer. These machines are very accurate and reliable. Because they are man-made machines, they sometimes break down and have to be repaired. However, in most instances when the computer fails, it is due to human error and is not the fault of the computer at all. In the fourth place, general-purpose computers can be programmed to solve various types of problems because of their flexibility. Computers are so widely used today because almost every big problem can be solved by solving a number of little problems — one after another. Finally, a computer, unlike a human being, has no intuition. A person may suddenly find the answer to a problem without working out too many of the details, but a computer can only proceed as it has been programmed to.
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